In 1994, Len Riskin, then the C.A. Leedy Professor of Law at the University of Missouri-Columbia and Director of its Center for the Study of Dispute Resolution, inadvertently started a great debate about what “style” of mediation was “best.” When he published the article entitled, Mediator Orientations, Strategies and Techniques, 12 Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 111 (1994), he described four styles of mediation based on how broadly the mediator defined the problem presented by the parties (and thus the depth of intervention the mediator was likely to take) and the role of the mediator -- either facilitative or evaluative. According to this analytical scheme, a mediator could be: narrow/facilitative, narrow/evaluative, broad/facilitative or broad/evaluative.
The two-dimensional grid based on this analysis supposedly predicts the strategies each type of mediator is likely to use, and, Riskin thought at the time, the amount of self-determination the parties would have in the process. SeeLeonard L. Riskin, Who Decides What? Rethinking the Grid of Mediator Orientations, 9 No. 2 Disp. Resol. Mag. 22 (2003). This analytical scheme came out of an invitation from a Kansas Citylaw firm whose partners hoped its lawyers would participate more effectively in mediations by, among other things, making more skillful choices about which mediator to use. Id.at 22. Unexpectedly, the Riskin grid -- as it quickly became known – began to polarize the mediation community. It led to the labeling of mediators.
On the problem definition dimension of the original grid, a mediator who defined the problem narrowly would consider and help the parties resolve only the litigation-related issues. If the mediator defined the problem increasingly more broadly, he or she might next consider business interests, then personal, professional or relationship interests, and finally community interests involved in the dispute.
Facilitative Mediation
The other dimension of the grid focused on the role of the mediator and identified two roles or styles of mediation: evaluative and facilitative. One can look at these two styles from several perspectives: their focus, goals, processes used, and outcome orientation. According to several authors, facilitative mediation -- the style of mediation most frequently taught to new mediators -- focuses on providing the parties consensus building process-skills. Mediators using this style assume that the parties are intelligent and capable and that they understand better than any mediator ever could the dispute and possible resolutions of it. Mediators using this style intend to enhance the participation of all parties involved in the mediation, generate party-to-party discussions, and reopen and improve channels of communication. They also use techniques designed to identify each party’s interest and needs underlying their hardened positions, help the parties evaluate unreasonable expectations, and help the parties identify solutions to the dispute through brainstorming and option generation techniques. Facilitative mediators generally show a preference for joint sessions rather than caucus and reserve caucus for times when the parties can not talk to each other face-to-face. The mediator remains responsible for the process, but not for the outcome.
Evaluative Mediation
Evaluative mediators are often defined as focusing on the substance of the dispute. They assume the parties need more help in assessing or predicting litigation outcomes and formulating solutions to the dispute. The techniques of evaluative mediators often include review of the underlying legal documents, assessment of the law or facts underlying the dispute, and active participation in the resolution of the dispute through case evaluation, the prediction of outcomes at trial, or other substance-oriented assistance. Often, these mediators use more caucuses, in which the mediator attempts to convince the parties to accept a recommended solution. They often apply pressure to settle. They typically control the expression of emotion as not being helpful or as actually hindering the process. The style looks a lot like shuttle diplomacy and makes the mediator more responsible for correctly translating for the other party the verbal, non-verbal, emotional, and psychological communication of the other side expressed during caucus. These mediators see themselves as “dealmakers” willingly deciding what is best or “fair” for the parties. One author suggests that most evaluative mediators are lawyers or retired judges who tend to “revert to their default adversarial mode, analyzing the legal merits of the case to move towards settlement.” He suggests this “legalized” style is more akin to early neutral evaluation or non-binding arbitration. Douglas Noll, Peacemaking: Practicing at the Intersection of Law and Human Conflict 91-92 (Cascadia 2003).
Even these short descriptions show how quickly this debate becomes one of stereotypes. Less skillful mediators, some argue, used the more heavy-handed evaluative style. On the other hand, only touchy-feely people wearing Birkenstocks are truly facilitative. For a more comprehensive discussion of these styles seeLeonard L. Riskin, Understanding Mediator Orientations, Strategies and Techniques: A Grid for the Perplexed, 1 Harv. L. Rev. 7 (1996); Kimberlee Kovach & Lela Love, “Evaluative” Mediation is an Oxymoron, 14 Alternatives to High Cost of Litigation 31 (1996). Noll, supra at 86-89, 91-99; Charles Craver, Mediation: A Trial Lawyer’s Guide, 35 Trial 37 (June 1999).
Transformative Mediation
The style discussion got even more complicated when, in 1994, R. Baruch Bush and Joseph Folger published a book entitled The Promise of Mediation: Responding to Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition (Jossey-Bass 1994). Bush and Folger introduced the concept of yet another style of mediation known as the transformative style. The focus of mediators using this style is on relationship-building. A mediator using this style views the primary goal of the process as allowing parties to experience moral growth. Settlement itself is not the principle goal. The mediator seeks to generate mutual respect between the parties and to get each party to truly appreciate the interests and viewpoints of the other party. These mediators see conflict as an opportunity to transform people from fearful, defensive, and self-centered beings to confident, responsive, and caring beings. These mediators hope to transform the parties into relatively self-sufficient problem-solvers so they can resolve future controversies that arise between them. The mediator consciously avoids judgments about the parties’ views or decisions, including whether they are “fair.” These mediators cede control of the process to the parties, allowing the parties to make process-related decisions, including the need for any ground rules. They also allow for expressions of emotions. These mediators care very much about the empowerment and recognition of the parties. Noll suggests that the transformative mediation process is not another style, but an orientation to outcome, joined by two other orientations: the problem-solving orientation and the narrative orientation. Noll, supra at 100-106.
The problem-solving orientation focuses on solving problems (duh) and reaching a settlement of the dispute. This orientation sees conflict as a clash of interests and needs, as generally described by Roger Fisher, William Ury and Bruce Patton in Getting to Yes (2d ed., Penguin 1991). The focus of this orientation is to search for common interests and to look for ways to satisfy the parties’ interests and needs in a collaborative way that “expands the pie,” if possible, or looks for value creating trades. Its opposite approach is the distributive-adversarial-positional form of negotiation. Noll suggests that this overall orientation is then further subdivided into the bargaining mode and the therapeutic mode based on an analysis by Susan Silbey and Sally Merry, Mediator Settlement Strategies, 8 Law and Policy J. 7, 12-19 (1986). Under the bargaining mode, the mediator claims substantive expertise in law and adjudication. He or she may achieve settlement by criticizing the litigation system for its cost, inefficiency and unpredictability. Mediators using the therapeutic mode, in contrast, claim substantive expertise in managing interpersonal relationships. The therapeutic mediator “focuses on emotional concerns, criticizing the legal system for its tendency to ignore emotions and destroy relationships.” Noll, supra at 101.
Narrative Mediation
The narrative mediation orientation finds its description in John Winslade & Gerald Monk’s, Narrative Mediation: A New Approach to Conflict Resolution(Jossey-Bass 2000). These New Zealand mediators suggest that reality is constructed from people’s conversations or discourses with each other. Id. at 41-44; Noll, supra at 104. Conflict, according to this orientation, is normal and expected. The mediator helps the parties construct a new narrative about the conflict that reframes the parties’ perception about it so they can solve the dispute collaboratively. Id. The orientation assumes that conflict reflects culturally created perceptions of unmet needs. “Problems are seen as constructed within a pattern of relationships, and social context is the key to understanding self and identity.” Noll, supra at 104. The mediator helps the parties change the context of the dispute to a new one in which new choices become possible for the parties. The mediator searches for an outcome defined as a new reality without the conflict-laden story. Id.at 106.
Trashers, Bashers, and Hashers
Even before Riskin developed the first grid, another scholar put mediators into three categories: the trashers, the bashers and the hashers. James Alfini, Trashing, Bashing and Hashing it Out: Is this the End of “Good Mediation”?, 19 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 47, 66-73 (1991). Trasher mediators, often experienced trial lawyers, “spend much of the time ‘tearing apart’ the cases of the parties.” Id.at 66. The technique discourages direct party negotiations. After this trasher process, the mediator suggests to the parties more “realistic” settlement options.
Basher mediators, according to Alfini, focus on the opening settlement offers the parties bring to the mediation. The basher then attempts to move the parties to a number somewhere in between the original offers. Most bashers are retired judges “who draw on their judicial experience and use the prestige of their past judicial service to bash out an agreement.” Id.at 69. Trashers and bashers will likely keep the parties in mediation until they reach a settlement.
The hashers, in contrast, encourage party-to-party negotiation. One described himself using these terms: “[f]acilitator, orchestrator, referee, sounding board, scapegoat.” Id.at 71. The hasher is less likely to keep the parties at the table if one of them expresses a desire to leave. Id. at 72. “Flexibility is the hallmark of the hasher style of mediation…they are willing to employ trasher and basher methodologies if they believe it to be appropriate in a particular case.” Id. at 73.
Perplexed? You betcha. Especially if you, as a mediator, saw your interventions as far more complex and variable.
In my next posting, I'll explore the new grid developed by Riskin that better conceptualizes the role of a mediator.
This article first appeared in the St. Louis Lawyer, Oct. 2004, and has been reprinted in The Insurance Receiver, Spring 2005, at 11 and at Mediate.com at http://mediate.com/artilce/young15.cfm.
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